Hindi (Devanāgarī Devanagari , also called Nagari (Nāgarī, the name of its parent writing system), is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. It is written from left to right, does not have distinct letter cases, and is recognizable by a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the letters that links them together. Devanāgarī is the main script: हिन्दी or हिंदी, IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration is a popular transliteration scheme that allows a lossless romanization of Indic scripts: Hindī, IPA: [ˈɦɪndiː] ( listen)) is the name given to various Indo-Aryan languages Geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages, dialects, and language registers In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, an English speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal , choose more formal words (e.g. train vs. choo-choo, sodium chloride vs spoken in northern North India is a loosely defined region in the northern part of India. The exact meaning of the term varies by usage. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from Tibet and Central Asia. North India has been the historical center of the Maurya, Gupta, Maratha, and central The Central India Agency was a political unit of British India, which covered the northern half of present-day Madhya Pradesh state. The Central India Agency was made up entirely of princely states, which were under native rulers. The agency was bordered by the Central Provinces and Berar to the south; the Chota Nagpur princely states to the east, India Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam,[1] Pakistan Pakistan (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪsˈtaːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان) (also the Federation of Pakistan), is a country in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, is bordered by Afghanistan and, Fiji Fiji /ˈfiːdʒiː/ (Fijian: Matanitu ko Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Fijian: Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य,[citation needed] fiji dvip samooh ganarajya), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean, Mauritius Mauritius officially the Republic of Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Republik Moris; French: République de Maurice) is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about 900 kilometres (560 mi) east of Madagascar. In addition to the island of Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands of Cargados, and Surinam Suriname (pronounced /ˈsʊɹɪnɑm/ , Dutch: Suriname; Sarnami: शर्नम् Sarnam, Sranan Tongo: Sranangron or Sranankondre), officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America.
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Conceptions of Hindi
In the broadest sense of the word, "Hindi" is the Hindi languages Hindi is a dialect continuum[citation needed] of the Indic language family in the northern plains of India, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati and Marathi; on the east by Bengali; and on the north by Nepali. As defined by the 1991 Indian census, Hindi covers a number of Central, East-Central, Eastern, and Northern Zone, a culturally defined part of a dialect continuum A dialect continuum, or dialect area, was defined by Leonard Bloomfield as a range of dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas, but as one travels in any direction, these differences accumulate such that speakers from opposite ends of the continuum are no longer mutually intelligible. The that covers the "Hindi belt" of northern India, and includes Bhojpuri Bhojpuri ( pronunciation ) is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. It is spoken in the western part of state of Bihar, the northwestern part of Jharkhand, and the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as an adjoining area of southern plains of Nepal. Bhojpuri is also spoken in Guyana, Suriname, Fiji,, an important language not only of India but which is the Hindi (or Hindustani) of Suriname and Mauritius; and Awadhi, a medieval literary standard and the Hindi of Fiji Fiji Hindi, also known as Fijian Hindi or Fiji Hindustani, is a language which is spoken in Fiji by most Fijian citizens of Indian descent. It is derived mainly from the Awadhi and Bhojpuri language or dialects of Hindi and also contains words from other Indian languages. It has also borrowed a large number of words from Fijian and English. The. Rajasthani Rajasthani is a language of the Indo-Aryan languages family. It is spoken by 36 million people in Rajasthan and other states of India and in some areas of Pakistan. The number of speakers may be up to 80 million worldwide. It is one of the languages developed from an ancestor language called Old Gujarati or Maru-Gujar, the other language being is variously seen as a dialect of Hindi or as a separate language, though the lack of a dominant dialect as the basis for standardization has impeded its recognition. Three other varieties, Maithili, Chhattisgarhi, and Dogri Dogri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about two million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, but also in northern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, other parts of Kashmir, and elsewhere. Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar. Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari ("Pahari"), have recently been accorded status as official languages of their respective states India is a federal union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. The states and territories are further subdivided into districts and so on, and so are now generally considered separate languages. Despite the fact that it is in many ways indistinguishable from Hindi, Urdu Urdu (Urdu: اردو, IPA: [ˈʊrduː] ) is the national language and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English), and one of 22 scheduled languages of India, as an official language of five Indian states. Based on the Hindi dialect of Delhi, its vocabulary developed under Persian and Turkic influence over the course of, as the principal language of India's large Muslim A Muslim or Moslem is an adherent of the religion of Islam. Literally, the word means "one who submits (to God)". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. All Muslims observe Sunnah, but differences in the definition of what is and what is not Sunnah has led to the emergence of sectarian movements.[ population and an official language of Pakistan, is often excluded from the purview of the label "Hindi" in India and Pakistan, though Muslims may be included in other countries where Hindi (or "Hindustani") is spoken. As the official language of a separate country, Nepali Nepali is a language in the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family has always been excluded from this conception of Hindi, despite the fact that it is one of the Pahari languages which were otherwise included.
A narrower conception of Hindi, excluding all of specific varieties mentioned above, may be disambiguated as Western Hindi. This includes Braj Bhasha, a medieval Hindu literary standard. The current prestige dialect In sociolinguistics, prestige describes the level of respect accorded to a language or dialect as compared to that of other languages or dialects in a speech community. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is closely related to that of prestige or class within a society. Generally, there is positive prestige associated with the language or of Western Hindi, Khariboli Khariboli (also Khadiboli, Khadi-Boli, or Khari dialect, also known as Kauravi ; identified as Hindi by SIL Ethnologue), ([kʰəɽiː boːliː]; Hindi: खड़ी बोली, Urdu: کھڑی بولی, khaṛī bolī; lit. 'standing dialect'), native to western Uttar Pradesh and the Delhi region in India, is the prestige dialect of the Hindi-, had been a language of the Moghul court, of the British administration Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of British India, still earlier, Presidency towns, and collectively British India, were the administrative units of the territories of India under the tenancy or the sovereignty of either the English East India Company or the British Crown between 1612 and 1947, and is the basis of the modern national standards of South Asia, Standard Hindi Standard Hindi, also known as High Hindi, Nagari Hindi or Literary Hindi is a standardised register of Hindi. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, and is used, along with English, for administration of the central government. Standard Hindi is a sanskritised register derived from the khari boli dialect. By contrast, the spoken Hindi and Urdu Urdu (Urdu: اردو, IPA: [ˈʊrduː] ) is the national language and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (the other being English), and one of 22 scheduled languages of India, as an official language of five Indian states. Based on the Hindi dialect of Delhi, its vocabulary developed under Persian and Turkic influence over the course of. Indeed, Khari boli is sometimes used as an alternate term for Hindi. Again, Urdu is sometimes excluded, despite being one of the Western Hindi languages. The colonial term Hindustani, though somewhat dated, is still used to specifically include Urdu alongside Hindi as spoken by Hindus A Hindu ( pronunciation , Devanagari: हिन्दु) is an adherent of Hinduism, a set of religious, philosophical and cultural systems that originated in the Indian subcontinent. The vast body of Hindu scriptures, divided into Śruti ("revealed") and Smriti ("remembered"), lay the foundation of Hindu beliefs, which.
In its narrowest conception, "Hindi" means Standard Hindi Standard Hindi, also known as High Hindi, Nagari Hindi or Literary Hindi is a standardised register of Hindi. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, and is used, along with English, for administration of the central government. Standard Hindi is a sanskritised register derived from the khari boli dialect. By contrast, the spoken Hindi, a Sanskritised Sanskritisation is a particular form of social change found in India. It denotes the process by which castes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the upper or dominant castes. It is a process similar to passing in anthropological terms. This term was made popular by Indian sociologist M form of Khariboli purged of some of the Persian Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq, Bahrain, and Oman. New Persian, which usually is called also by the names of Farsi, Parsi, Dari or Parsi-ye-Dari (Dari Persian), can be classified linguistically influence it picked up during Moghul rule. The Constitution of India accords Hindi in the Devanagari script status as the official language of India,[5] with Urdu, retaining the Perso-Arabic script, and the three other varieties of broad Hindi mentioned above among the 22 scheduled languages of India.[6] Standard Hindi, along with English, is used for the administration of the central government, and Standard Hindi is used, often alongside scheduled languages, for the administration of ten Indian states.[7][8] However, despite divergence of vocabulary in the academic registers of Standard Hindi and Urdu and the use of distinct scripts, common speech remains Persianised and is largely indistinguishable whether it is called "Hindi" or "Urdu". Much of Hindi cinema, for example, might be described as Urdu, and is extremely popular in Urdu-speaking Pakistan despite language politics.
Thus the conception of Hindi is informed not just by external criteria of mutual intelligibility, but by ethnicity, history, literacy, nationalism, and religion. These issues are especially acute when differentiating Hindi from Urdu, which are generally considered independent languages by their speakers but different formal registers of a single dialect by linguists. However, such issues also arise in debates over whether Rajasthani, Maithili, and other members of the continuum are "languages" in their own right, or "dialects" of Hindi.
Speakers
Native speakers of the Hindi languages, excluding Urdu, between them account for 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census).[clarification needed][which "Hindi" languages are included and excluded from this count?] .
History
Main articles: History of the Hindi language and HindaviHindi evolved from the Sauraseni Prakrit.[9] Though there is no consensus for a specific time, Hindi originated as local dialects such as Braj, Awadhi, and finally Khari Boli after the turn of tenth century (these local dialects are still spoken, each by large populations).[10] During the reigns of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which used Persian as their official language, Khari Boli adopted many Persian and Arabic words. As for the ultimately Arabic words, since almost every one of them came via Persian, their form in Hindi-Urdu does not preserve the original phonology of Arabic.
Current use
Standard Hindi is the most widely spoken of India's official languages. It is spoken mainly in northern states of Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar. It is the second major language in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and it is also spoken alongside regional languages like Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi or Bengali throughout north and central India. Standard Hindi is also understood in a few other parts of India as well as in the neighbouring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Hindustani is spoken by all persons of Indian descent in Fiji. In Western Viti Levu and Northern Vanua Levu, it is a common spoken language and a link language spoken between Fijians of Indian descent and native Fijians. The latter are also the only ethnic group in the world of non Indian descent that includes majority Hindi speakers. Native speakers of Hindi dialects account for 48% of the Fiji population. This includes all people of Indian ancestry including those whose forefathers emigrated from regions in India where Hindi was not generally spoken. As defined in the Constitution of Fiji (Constitution Amendment Act 1997 (Act No. 13 of 1997), Section 4(1), Hindi is one of the three official languages of communication (English and Fijian being the others). Section 4(4)(a)(b)(c)(d) also states that 4) Every person who transacts business with: (a) a department; (b) an office in a state service; or (c) a local authority; has the right to do so in English, Fijian, or Hindustani, either directly or through a competent interpreter.
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Wed, 09 Jun 2010 12:34:41 GMT+00:00
Techtree.com The X390 also comes with the option to switch to Hindi language menu. According to the company, the phone is capable of 4 hours of talk time and offers ... Zen launches loaded handset for Rs 1, 649 Times of India Zen Mobile Introduces X390 Dual GSM Mobile Phone at Rs.1649 TelecomTalk
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Bollywood Queen Aishwarya Rai spotted on the sets of Raavan She is playing a role of Sita in the movie We will able to to see 21st century Sita in the movie Raavan is a Hindi language film directed
Alootechie
hu, 04 Mar 2010 11:39:44 GM
MSN India, in association with Indian language portal Webdunia.com, has launched MSN Yuva (MSNYuva.Webdunia.com), a . Hindi language. portal that will offer content related to various genres such as news, sports, lifestyle, entertainment, ...
Q. Hi! My name is Riskaninda. I am indonesian. I am very interested in foreign languages, include hindi language. Therefore, i learn a lot of foreign languages. But, i get a difficulty in looking for hindi's book in Indonesia. So, if you come from India and could teach hindi language to me, please write an email for me at lblassi @ yahoo.co.id. thank you so much, if you want to help me
Asked by Letizia B - Tue Mar 24 06:27:03 2009 - - 4 Answers - 0 Comments
A. You can get an introduction to Hindi Language and Hindi Numbers at I think before you learn with someone else it's very very helpful to learn the alphabet, which you can get from a book called 'Teach Yourself Hindi Script' by Rupert Snell. This is what helped me learn the characters and the reason I recommend that first is because it will help you learn the words correctly, as there may be sounds which differ from your native language, so even writing down the words to remember them is hard. Hindi in Devanagari script is very logical--each letter has only one sound--so it's worth learning first so you can then pronounce anything you can write down. Then when you have a friend help you, you will be able to learn quickly. And the person… [cont.]
Answered by India-Travel-Secrets - Wed Mar 25 05:08:11 2009
